ILC, LHC, CERN, électrons
ILC, LHC, CERN, électrons
ILC Collider in English
Published 17,06,2 013
In English October, 8th, 2 013
ILC Collider
Or rather "the aftermath of CERN LHC will be ILC" ...
"An “aftermath” that already started a long time back, even before obtaining a result for the Higgs boson that LHC was looking for and that has not been found, contrary to what is now said in all the media...
Its presence would be known by its disappearance that would leave traces, but LHC physicists don’t seem very sure of this. So they are now looking for verification by examining traces of traces.
At the same time, the study of another collider was completed. It will be called ILC, and will cost at least 7 billion francs ( Swiss ) in the country in which it is going to be installed, the overall cost will probably be double that. It will look for three bosons instead of one and its construction depends solely on political decisions that have nothing to do with science.
Here is the article published in Le Temps (Daily published in Geneva), on June 13, 2013
(The published text is in blue , my comments in black)
ILC , the particle accelerator of the future
By Pascaline Minet
The plan for a new particle collider called ILC or International Linear Collider, was unveiled Wednesday, June 12. Its construction will allow the enrichment of the discoveries made at the LHC at CERN.
Less than a year after the discovery of the Higgs boson ...
CERN has never said that the Higgs boson has been discovered.
... At the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC ) in July this year, physicists already imagine the particle accelerator of the future. ILC or International Linear Collider is still a project: we do not know if it will be built, and where! But it has already been the subject of many years of research and development. This work resulted in a report detailing the characteristics of the accelerator, presented on Wednesday at a ceremony held successively at the University of Tokyo, at the CERN and at the Fermilab laboratory near Chicago .
Basking in the audience's applause and photographers’ flashes, the director of the Collaboration for the linear collider, Lyn Evans, presented for the first time the five volume "engineering design" report referring to the future ILC. More than 1,000 scientists from one over a hundred universities have collaborated to finalise the description of the collider, considered the likely successor to the LHC in the context of research on the infinitely small.
What will the ILC look like, if it will be actually born ? According to the draft that has just been presented, it will consist of two linear underground accelerators facing each other, and each measuring 15 kilometres long. In all, the machine will measure 31 kilometres long, more than the LHC, which is a circular ring of 27 kilometres in circumference. The ILC will collide electrons with positrons , their equivalent with a positive charge. ...
The positron is therefore defined here as the anti-electron, and according to a certain theory, as soon as they meet they will "annihilate" each other. In what material will the positrons be contained before they get close to the electrons?
... First concentrated in the form of very dense clusters, these particles will be accelerated thanks to the energy supplied by superconducting cavities operating at a temperature close to absolute zero. At the end of this acceleration, they will meet with a collision energy of 500 GeV ( giga-electron volts ) inside sensors whose role will be to study new particles produced during impacts.
"The LHC is a very good machine designed to discover new particles such as the Higgs boson, but we need the ILC to study their characteristics," said Lyn Evans, a physicist at CERN. The LHC accelerates indeed complex particles, protons, which are made of quarks and gluons. Each collision generates therefore a significant "background noise" that is difficult to interpret. "However, the ILC brings together elementary particles, electrons and positrons, whose interactions are less complex and whose energy can be easily controlled. They should give us therefore more accurate information," commented for his part Sandro de Cecco, a physicist from the Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and High Energy of CNRS in Paris.
But actually, one might ask, why build a linear accelerator and not a circular one, as in the case of the LHC ? When accelerating in a curve, the particles emit a radiation called "synchrotron" , causing them to lose energy.
Particles and other free items can NOT move in a curve: they only move in a linear way and if they are made to follow a curve guiding device, they encounter other elements, with the creation of new compounds including some rays that can follow the guiding device. All along the curve, this process is repeated. Each formation of compounds creates an increase of thermal agitation, which appears as a manifestation of heat called synchrotron radiation.
One wonders what were the actual particles which entered in collision in the LHC, these past 3 or 4 years?
...Not very significant in the case of heavy particles such as protons, this energy loss is, however, problematic with electrons, which are lighter. "We must constantly re-accelerate the particle beam to compensate, and this becomes impossible when we aim to achieve the desired energy of 500 GeV that is required for the ILC ," says Evans.
Among the tasks entrusted to the ILC, the principal will be to determine the characteristics of the newly discovered particles, primarily those of the Higgs boson. The machine seems particularly well equipped to achieve this goal, because we are in the presence, according to physicists, of a true "Higgs factory". "With the LHC, which will continue to operate, we will produce only at best a few thousand Higgs, while each and every collision of the ILC should provide us with one" evaluates Sandro de Cecco . Thanks to the large number of observations collected on this boson, scientists hope to understand better how it interacts with other particles, giving them their mass. This should allow us to determine its nature. "Currently, measurements taken at CERN suggest that the Higgs corresponds to the standard model of particle physics, but the ILC might reveal that it is part of an extension of this model," explains Sandro de Cecco . Theories that exist outside the standard model, such as supersymmetry, postulate indeed the existence of several Higgs bosons!
In the longer term, the ILC could illuminate new areas of physics, such as the study of dark matter, whose nature remains unknown to us. To conduct further in -depth work, physicists also plan to eventually double the length of the ILC accelerators, in order to bring its energy up to 1 TeV (or teraelectronvolt ). Thereafter, at a later stage another accelerator could take over: christened CLICK, which stands for Compact Linear Collider, it would have an energy at least five times greater than that of the ILC. But research must still be conducted to clarify its operation mode.
As far as the ILC is concerned, its realisation will depend on the willingness of governments to fund it. Its cost is estimated at about 7 billion (Swiss) francs, the greatest part of which will be paid by the country that will host the facility." This machine will not be built at CERN, which will further exploit the LHC for about twenty years," estimates Evans. In contrast, the Japanese seem interested "some statements are expected on their part by the end of the year," indicates Sandro de Cecco. Construction will not begin for several years, however, and it will take then about ten years of construction before the first collisions will be occurring in the ILC.
Before beginning the study of this machine, we can ask some "elementary" questions that show, perhaps, that both physics or indeed physicists are very difficult to understand:
The LHC is expected to smash protons: all dictionaries say, and all physicists know that protons are unbreakable. After having endured explosions of stars, they exist in the nebulae.
The ILC is studied and calculated to create encounters of beams of electrons and positrons. All electrons are said to have a negative charge, so they repel each other when they meet, how can they be put together in order to make a beam?
The same applies to positrons which are positively charged.
Electrons and positrons, if they are contrary charges attract each other and annihilate each other. Do we need to build a very sophisticated device costing 10 or 20 billion euros to perform an operation that would be not only natural but also impossible to prevent?
If positrons existed, in what container would they be contained? Since they cannot be in contact with elements of material formed by electrons which are all negative.
What is the "direction" of matter, if it has one ?
Without waiting for an answer to these questions, let's go back to our analysis of information about the possible future ILC.
31 km long, built in straight lines, in order to launch one against the other particles that measure 10 -18 meters , in other words a billionth of a billionth of a meter ... The particles will cover 31,000 billion billion times their size before they meet. Is this useful?
The electrons will move and meet positrons, and we already know thanks to mathematical theoretical explanations concerning these particles, similar but with mathematically opposite charges, that an electron and a positron (if this element can exist) entering in contact immediately disappear: in mathematics, a factor plus, added to a factor minus, gives zero and the factors disappear. But physicists say that an electron plus a positron create a spark of photons coming out of ... nothing. Is it useful to study a phenomenon that cannot exist ?
What this collision energy of 500 GeV (giga-electron volts), 500 billion times that of an electron ?
Is it an energy that is given to particles moving towards their encounters? Or is it the totality of the energy at the meeting point ?
Physicists know that electrons have a determined charge of energy and that it can not be changed. It has by definition the value of an electron volt .
This energy is given to a mass and physicists know that the mass of the electron is fixed and cannot be changed.
How can the limited mass of an electron incorporate such an exceptionally high energy?
We are probably considering here a very rapid succession, almost at the speed of light (?) of collision of 500 billion electrons, meeting 500 billion positrons, that should be found first ...
Will electrons receive a negative charge of 500 billion electron and positron an equivalent positive charge ?
The goal is to obtain at least three Higgs bosons .
Do they really exist or like the first, the one of the LHC, will they disappear immediately, without having "lived" for a moment?
It is certain that engineers and technicians are well able to build such a sophisticated device.
But is it reasonable to study and build it to try to explain an idea based on theories that are still debatable and debated, without having ever any connection with the practical reality of matter or objects of the earth and thus of the universe?
It was said that the Higgs boson, the first one, the true one, would confirm the theory of the standard model. If not the theory would need to be changed.
Currently no conclusion is drawn from the supposed existence of the Higgs boson, or on its usefulness to confirm the theory of the standard model. So we go further and talk again of another new theory.
A new theory seems essential, but it must be new, independent of earlier theories that led nowhere .
We then come to the general problems of the whole "physics".
Current theories are mainly based on Einstein's theory of relativity and the mathematical formulas that led to quantum mechanics and the Standard Model of particles and interactions.
Both the theories of Einstein and the quantum mechanics have brought nothing concrete to the actual knowledge of matter.
The history of these theories explains it very well.
The experience of 1919 at the Principe Island which was established to verify the validity of the theory of relativity was not conclusive.
According to Arthur Eddington who led the experiment during the total eclipse of the sun, "The weather was bad and the photographic plates of poor quality and difficult to measure", we read in Wikipedia (2013) . Nobody talks about this failure.
There is no practical application of the theory of relativity, based on the idea of Newton 's gravitational attraction of masses that Newton, himself, called absurd.
In 1692, he wrote in a letter to Richard Bentley, "That gravity is innate, inherent and essential to matter, so that a body can act upon another at a distance through a vacuum, without mediation of other things, by which and through which their action and strength can be communicated from one to the other is to me an absurdity that I believe no man, having the ability to reason competently in philosophical matters, can ever be guilty of." At the same time, it implicitly confirmed the existence of the ether of space, which at the time was misunderstood but was not questioned .
Physicists of the Copenhagen school, with Niels Bohr knew that their studies were only provisional, pending the development of techniques that would check everything they found with quanta that were only mathematical factors to enable them to continue their studies. They said this explicitly, and it is reasonable to wonder who transformed the mathematical formulas of Dirac and others, into physical elements, particles and forces which that had just been named in order to make them a more concrete topic of study.
Mathematicians have continued to go too far and nothing practical ever came of quantum mechanics and one of its emanations, the Standard Model of particles and interactions, whose implications in the creation of matter and in the use of either particles or all the forces created with are given different names are never explained.
We now give the name of quantum phenomena to phenomena that are still unobservable but that are real, that technicians can use to study and advance in their implementation of the phenomena they need on earth. Everything concerning electricity and electronics is makingpermanent and very important progress uniquely by a series of experiments and testing. No understandable and practical explanation exists that could be used and applied by engineers and technicians. Electromagnetic fields and Maxwell's equations have never been of any use, to anything or anyone .
Parenthesis
I allow myself these remarks because I 'm old and not a physicist.
Using me what is actually known by all physicists, I have established a new physical theory that explains all phenomena on earth and in the universe, based solely on electrons and events due to their qualities, without any ad hoc hypothesis. All that I cannot explain myself with this theory could be explained by scientists who know much better than me all practical physical phenomena and other related sciences.
End of parenthesis
The goals of the ILC are difficult to understand.
We know that electrons are elementary particles. They are therefore unbreakable.
The aim seems to be to create other bosons. The first does not exist since it disappears when it is created and cannot be observed or analysed or studied. Will the others share in those qualities?
One issue raised here is that of dark matter. It is a completely different problem. The matter is called black simply because we cannot see it. Astronomers know that stars evolve and eventually disappear but are found, many billions of years later, in a different form in the nebulae where stars recreate.
We may be entitled to think that this dark matter is only an intermediate form of the matter that we know, in a transitional state, being transformed from its state in stars to its state of dispersion in the nebulae.
My conclusion from this brief study can be drawn from the sentence below, difficult to understand, taken from a text of CERN / particle accelerator new generation is ready for the construction phase .
"... Each package will contain 20 billion electrons or positrons concentrated in a much smaller space than the thickness of a human hair, which means that the collision rate will be very high . This high "luminosity", combined with very precise interaction of two particles without substructure which annihilate each other, will allow ILC to provide a huge amount of scientific data so that they will be able to measure with great accuracy properties of particles, such as the recently discovered Higgs boson ... "
What do we expect to find after the collision of colliding particles that " annihilate each other "?
© PhD 10,8th,2013
mardi 8 octobre 2013